TOP 10 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

  1. JAVA

     

               Java is an object oriented programming language developed by James Gosling in 1995. Initial name of JAVA was OAK.  Java promised “Write Once, Run Anywhere” (WORA), providing no-cost run-times on popular platforms.  Java is Platform Independence  Programming Language. Java is mostly used to develop desktop applications.

 2. PHP                          

      PHP is short for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. It is developed in 1994 by Rasmus Lerdorf. It is an open source, server-side, HTML embedded scripting language used to create dynamic Web pages. PHP is mostly used to create online Websites.

 3. C

                 

             C is a general purpose programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Telephone labs. It is the base of C++ and other programming languages. It was built to work with the Unix operating system.

 4. C#

            C# is general-purpose programming language developed by Microsoft evolved from C and C++ as a part of the software company’s .NET initiative.This language is an essential part of the .NET framework.

 5. C++

            C++ is a general purpose multi-paradigm spanning compiled language that has both high-level and low-level languages’ features. It was started as an enhancement to the C programming language. It was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979. It is one of the most popular programming languages with application domains including systems software, application software, server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games. The language has also greatly influenced many other popular programming languages, such as C# and Java.

 6. Javascript

           JavaScript is an object-oriented scripting language that is smaller than Java. It is a client-side language. It runs in the web browser on the client-side with a simplified set of commands, easier code and no need for compilation.

      7.Jquery

     
   jQuery is a cross-platform JavaScript library designed to simplify the client-side scripting of HTML. It was released in January 2006 at BarCamp NYC by John Resig. It is currently developed by a team of developers led by Dave Methvin. Used by over 65% of the 10,000 most visited websites, jQuery is the most popular JavaScript library in use today.

8. PERL

      PERL is high-level programming language, its emphasis lies in code readability and clear syntax. It combines Object-oriented and functional programming styles, and is often used as a scripting language. Perl is an open-source language used widely to process text through CGI programs.

9. PYTHON

     It is releases on 4 September 2011. It is developed by Python Software Foundation. This is an event-driven programming language which is extensively used by Google because of its simplicity. It is managed by the Python Software Foundation. Python is a general-purpose, high-level programming language whose design philosophy emphasizes code readability. Python claims to combine “remarkable power with very clear syntax”, and its standard library is large and comprehensive.

10. .NET FRAMEWORK

          .NET Framework (pronounced dot net) is a software framework developed by Microsoft that runs primarily on Microsoft Windows. It includes a large library and provides language interoperability (each language can use code written in other languages) across several programming languages. Programs written for .NET Framework execute in a software environment (as contrasted to hardware environment), known as the Common Language Runtime (CLR). CLR is an application virtual machine that provides services such as security, memory management, and exception handling. The class library and the CLR together constitute .NET Framework.

              10 Tips to Speed Up Your PC

1. Uninstall unwanted software.

PCs often come preloaded with software you'll never use. And what's worse, some of these programs run background processes at startup even though you're not using them. To get rid of all this dreck, open Control Panels' Programs and Features page, hunt trough the list of installed software, and uninstall those that are obviously not desirable, while being careful to leave stuff your system and hardware needs, things whose Publisher is listed as PC maker's name, a peripheral's company name, or Microsoft. Unfortunately, Microsoft removed the column showing how often you use programs in this list.

Often the culprit slowing down your PC will be something actually claiming to clean or speed up your PC. The friend I was helping with his slow computer had even paid one of these software makers—for a program that only continued to slow down the computer. To delegate the task of finding out which programs you probably don't want or need, you could try a third-party utility called PC Decrapifier. It's free for non-commercial use.

2. Disable startup programs.

This one is for slightly braver users. Click on the Start button and type msconfig. The System Configuration dialog will pop up. Switch to its Services tab, hunt down entries with dubious names from dubious sources. Leave anything from Microsoft, your PC maker, or well-known software sources like Apple or Google. Again, those fake speed-up utilities are good candidate for unchecking in this list. You could also uncheck any software from reliable sources that you just don't need running all the time. For example, you don't really need to run Adobe Reader at startup—you can just run it when you actually need to view a PDF. Switch to MSConfig's Startup tab and do the same. Listed here will likely be more familiar application names, and the Manufacturer column makes the software's source clear. Changing anything in System Configuration will require a reboot to take effect.

3. Run Disk Cleanup.

Windows includes a built-in disk de-cluttering tool: Disk Cleanup. This scans your system for unnecessary large files such as program installers, temporary Internet files, log files and more. On my system, the largest amount of data by far was taken up by Temporary File—2.5GB—that could mean the difference between a sluggish and a peppy PC. The folks behind the PC TuneUp utilities have posted a good case for disk space affecting performance, even calling it the #1 Performance Killer!

4. Run Third-Party cleanup software.

There are a whole lot of third-party programs out there offering to speed up and clean up your PC. My advice: Stay as far away from those as you can, unless you've read a review of the software in a reliable source like PCMag, Cnet, or PCWorld. If the review is from a source you haven't heard of, it's likely worthless promotion. Some good third-party programs designed to speed up your PC include Ashampoo WinOptimizer 10, SlimCleaner 4 and TuneUp Utilities 2013. One old reliable used by system administrators for years is the free CCleaner utility. This offers several panels for cleaning out unneeded Windows and application files, registry entries, and tools. The registry is where Windows stores program and system settings. If you uninstall programs, the registry can get corrupted and contain unneeded entries, which CCleaner can remove.

5. Run Action Center's Troubleshooter.

Action Center is represented by a flag icon in your PC's system tray—those small icons at the end of the taskbar. You click that or just type Action Center in the Start button's search box. Action Center looks at error reports for errors you've encountered, and check s for soultions. It can identify out-of-date hardware drivers and software updates that may speed up your PC. From the Action Center control panel, drop down the Maintenance section, and click the Check for solutions link.

6. Clean Out Malware.

This could be the most common reason for PCs slowing down. You went to a website, clicked a dubious Install button, and it was all downhill from there. Today's malware can be very devious in using techniques to evade being cleaned out. The best thing for this is to run a PC anti-malware utility, like those included with Malwarebytes Anti-Malware, Norton 360, Webroot SecureAnywhere, or Bitdefender Antivirus Plus. In difficult cases, you may need to run a utility that starts at boot-up.

7. Install More RAM.

They say that you can never be too rich or too thin, and we might add that you can never have too much RAM. It's particularly important if you run multiple applications at the same time, do any video editing, or PC gaming. A friend's system had 2GB installed, but even 32-bit Windows can use 4GB. Since you can get a 4GB stick of DDR3 memory for $46, it makes a lot of sense to upgrade. For 64-bit versions of Windows, you'll want at least 4GB, while 6GB or 8GB are better options.

The computer I'm working on right now is using 4.14GB of RAM, as shown in the Task Manager's Performance tab (you can get their easily by hitting Ctrl-Shift-Esc). More memory means less time-consuming accesses to your hard drive, and therefore better performance. The major memory module vendors such as Corsair, Crucial, and Kingston all offer Web tools that help you identify the exact type of memory cards your PC requires. Here's a great article to show you how to add RAM.

8. Install a bigger, faster hard drive.

Just as with RAM, your PC needs storage headroom, with Windows itself and so many application programs creating so many temporary files. If you have 85 percent of your hard drive full, you should probably upgrade. An even faster choice would be an SDD, and you can now get one with 120GB for just under $100. One good strategy is to use the SSD for Windows and conventional hard drives for applications and data. Our Matthew Murray has an excellent video tutorial on how to install a hard drive to take you through the process.

9. Upgrade to Windows 8.

If startup time is your concern, I can offer no better advice than to upgrade to Windows 8. Yes, the interface takes some getting used to, but really, the tech press, PCMag included, have overstated the usability aspect of Microsoft's new desktop OS. I actually have grown to far prefer using Windows 8 that I've set up to dual-boot between Windows 7 and 8; everything just seems faster, and that's using a mouse and keyboard. Touch-screen users will see additional benefits.

10. Defragment your hard drive.

Your disk stores a file's data in one or more chunks of space on the physical disk, regardless of whether the space is contiguous. Defragging tidies everything up and blocks a program's bits together so that the reader heads don't have to shuttle back and forth to read a whole executable or data file. While this is less of a problem with today's huge hard drives and copious RAM, a slow system can still benefit from defragmenting the disk.

Windows 7 comes with a built-in defragger that runs automatically at scheduled intervals. Mine was set by default to run Wednesdays at 1:00 AM, when my PC is usually turned off; so it never got defragged. If you're in a similar boat, you can either change the scheduled defrag, or defrag on demand. Just type "defrag" in the Windows Start Menu search bar, and click on "Disk Defragmenter." The version of the utility is improved in Windows 7, and shows more information about what's happening on your disk than Vista did. The Windows 7 engineering team posted a very in-depth, informative article on theEngineering Windows 7 blog.

How to Learn English

Three Parts:Improving Your Spoken EnglishImproving Your Writing, Reading and Listening SkillsCommitting to Your New Language

English is an excellent language to learn, whether it's for business, travel or personal reasons. Learning any language requires hard work, commitment and a willingness to make mistakes, and English is no different. Read below to gather information about learning English.

Part 1 of 3: Improving Your Spoken English

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   Speak a little English every day. The absolute best way to learn any new language is just to speak it. It doesn't matter if you only know five English words or if you're practically fluent -- speaking English with another person is the fastest, most effective method of improving.
   • Don't wait until you "feel more comfortable" speaking in English -- you probably won't reach that level for a long time, so push yourself outside of your comfort zone and start speaking English today. You' ll be amazed at how quickly your language skills improve.
   • Find a native English speaker who is willing to spend some time speaking English with you -- you may be able to offer them a language exchange, where they spend 30 minutes speaking English with you and you spend 30 minutes speaking your native language with them.
   • If you live in an English-speaking country, you can practice by starting simple conversations with the people you meet, whether it's saying "hello" to a shopkeeper or asking a stranger for directions.
   
   
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   Work on your pronunciation. Even if you have an acceptable grasp of the English language, with good grammar and an extensive vocabulary, native English speakers may find you very difficult to understand if you don't work on your pronunciation.
   • Correct, clear pronunciation is essential if you really want to improve your level of English. Listen closely to how native English speakers pronounce certain words and sounds and do your best to copy them.
   • Pay particular attention to any sounds that you are unfamiliar with or that do not exist in your native tongue. For example some people have difficulty pronouncing the "r" sound, as it does not exist in their native language, while other people have difficulty with certain consonant clusters, such as the "th" sound.
   • Be aware that the pronunciation of certain English words varies greatly depending on the part of the world it's spoken in. For example, American English is very different from British English. If you intend to travel to or live in an English-speaking country, this is something you should take into account when learning how to pronounce certain words.
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   Expand your vocabulary and use idiomatic phrases. The wider your vocabulary and the more English phrases you learn, the easier speaking English will become.
   • Again, spending time with native English speakers will help you to pick up on common vocabulary and phrases in a natural way. Although reading, watching English TV and listening to the news is also beneficial.
   • Once you have learned a new word or phrase, you should make an effort to use it in a sentence -- this is the best way to commit it to memory.
   • Another easy way to commit new words to memory is to make labels for everyday household items and stick them around your house or apartment. Then every time you use the kettle or look in the mirror, you will see the English word for these items staring back at you.
   • You should also start a notebook of idiomatic phrases that English speakers use all the time. Some examples include "it's raining cats and dogs " (raining heavily), to be on "cloud nine" (to be very happy) or saying something is a "piece of cake" (when something is very easy). Sprinkling these kinds of phrases into your conversation will bring your level of English up several notches.
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   Attend an English class or discussion group. Another great way to incorporate some extra English conversation into your weekly routine is to sign up for a class of discussion group.
   • Attending an English class is a great way to focus on some of the more formal aspects of speaking English. A class will teach you the grammatically correct way of speaking -- which includes proper sentence structure and verb conjugation and will generally provide a very structured approach to language learning.
   • Attending a discussion group is a more informal and relaxed way of learning English, where the emphasis is more on communication and relationship building than on speaking "correct" English. Speaking English in this setting can help you to become more comfortable with speaking in front of other people.
   • Both of these language-learning settings have their pros and cons, so it's best to do both if you can!
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   Carry a dictionary. Carrying an English dictionary with you at all times (whether it's an actual book or a phone app) can be very useful.
   • Having a dictionary means that you will never be stuck for a word. It can save you a lot of embarrassment if you're having a conversation with an English-speaker and forget a word in the middle of the sentence -- all you have to do is take a second to look it up!
   • Aside from saving you awkwardness, looking up the word you need then immediately using it in a sentence will actually help you to commit the this new vocabulary to memory.
   • It is also helpful to have a dictionary to peruse throughout the day, during private moments, like when you're sitting on the train, waiting to cross the street or just having a cup of coffee. You could learn an extra 20 to 30 English words per day using this technique!
   • As a beginner, you should should start with an English dictionary that provides definitions in your native language. However, once your language skills improve, you should switch to using an English-English dictionary, which provides English definitions for English words.

Part 2 of 3: Improving Your Writing, Reading and Listening Skills

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   Listen to English radio or podcasts. One of the best ways to improve your English listening comprehension is to download English-language podcasts or radio apps on your phone or MP3 player.
   • You should then make an effort to listen to the podcasts or radio shows for at least 30 minutes per day. Do it in the gym, on your commute to work, or while you're sitting at your computer.
   • Really make an effort to understand what's being said, don't just let the English wash over you. Even if you find it too fast, try to pick out key words and phrases to get a general idea of what the conversation is about.
   • If you can, make a note of any words or phrases that you don't understand and look up the translation afterwards. Then listen to the podcast or show again to hear the new words or phrases in context.
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   Watch English movies and TV shows. Another fun way to improve your listening comprehension is to watch English movies and TV shows.
   • Try to pick movies or TV shows that you will enjoy -- this will make the exercise feel like less of a chore. If possible, choose movies or shows that you are already familiar with, such as children's cartoons or blockbuster films. If you already know the basic story you will find the language much easier to pick up on.
   • However, you should avoid watching movies or television shows with subtitles in your native language -- they will only distract you and make you less inclined to focus on understanding the English, which is the whole point of the exercise.
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   Read an English book, newspaper or magazine. Reading is an essential part of learning a new language, so don't forget to practice!
   • Find something you are really interested in -- whether that's a famous English novel, The New York Times or a fashion magazine and start working your way through it. If you find the content boring, you will be less inclined to persevere with it.
   • Again, make an active effort to actually understand what you're reading, don't just skim over it. Highlight any words or phrases that you don't understand, then look them up in the dictionary.
   • If you're alone, you could also try reading aloud -- this will allow you to improve your reading comprehension while also working on your pronunciation.
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   Keep a diary in English. Aside from reading and listening comprehension, you should also spend some time working on your written English.
   • This may be one of the most difficult aspects of your language learning, but it is important nevertheless. Writing in English will help you to work on your sentence structure, grammar and spelling.
   • Try keeping an English diary in which you write down a few sentences every day. It doesn't have to be deeply personal -- you could write about the weather, what you ate for dinner or what your plans are for the day.
   • If you feel comfortable with it, get a native speaker to look over what you've written and check it for any errors. This will help you to avoid making the same mistakes over and over again.
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   Find an English-speaking pen-pal. Once your written language skills have improved, you could consider getting an English-speaking pen-pal!
   • Having an English-speaking pen-pal combines your English writing practice with the excitement of getting a letter or email!
   • Your pen pal may be someone who is learning English like you, or they may be a native English speaker who wants to practice their foreign language skills by writing to you in your native tongue.
   • Having a pen pal from an English-speaking country (such as the United States, Britain, Canada, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand or South Africa, for example) will also allow you to learn more about the culture and what life is like in that part of the world.

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   Stay motivated. When learning any new language, it is important to stay motivated and never give up on your goal of fluency.
   • Stay committed to your language-learning goal by reminding yourself of how badly you want to achieve it. Think of all of the amazing experiences and opportunities that will be available to you once you've mastered the English language.
   • You will be able to converse with English speakers from across the world and develop new and exciting relationships, you will be able to engage with English-speaking culture like never before and potentially further your career as a result of your new language skills.
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   Practice every day. If you want to to gain fluency quickly, you need to commit to practicing every day.
   • Learning a new language is based on repetition, so if you wait too long between study sessions, you will forget everything you learned previously and have to start all over again, wasting valuable time.
   • However, you shouldn't study so much that you grow sick of English -- try to keep things interesting by completing a different task each day - one day of reading, one day of listening comprehension, one day of writing practice, one day studying grammar, etc.
   • However, you should never pass up an opportunity to practice speaking English, as this is the number one most important thing you can do to gain fluency.
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   Train yourself to think in English. One way to make the transition from being very good at English to being fluent is to train your brain to actually think in the English language.
   • Constantly translating from your native language into English and back again inside your head consumes time and energy. Every language has its own nuances and peculiarities, which makes it impossible to accurately translate from one language to another in certain instances.
   • As a result, your spoken and written English will flow much more naturally and fluently if you can just train your brain to think in English. Think of it like a switch -- when it's time to communicate in English, you need to turn your English brain on and your mother language brain off!
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   Make friends with English speakers. One of the greatest tests of a person's fluency in a second language is to put them in a room with a bunch of native speakers and see if they can follow and contribute to the conversation.
   • The best way to achieve this level of fluency is to make some English-speaking friends and hang out with them in a social setting, like in a cafe or bar.
   • This way, you will be forced to speak in English if you want to interact with your peers, but it won't feel like work or study because you'll be having so much fun!
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   Don't be afraid to make mistakes. The biggest obstacle that stands in the way of learning a new language is the fear of making mistakes.
• This fear serves no purpose -- it is merely a hindrance that prevents you from reaching your goal of fluency.
• Remember that everyone makes mistakes when they are learning a new language -- it's a right of passage. You will almost certainly have your fair share of awkward or embarrassing moments when you accidentally say something rude or incorrect, but this is all part of the fun.
• Also remember that you are not aiming for perfection when learning to speak English, you are aiming for progress. Making mistakes is all part of the learning process, they will help you to become better, so embrace them!

Tips:

• Learn the phonetic alphabet (pronunciation symbols). This can help you pronounce correctly, and it's necessary to speak with the correct tone if you want to make some friends with native English speakers. This is a big deal for non-native English speakers.
• Dictation is an excellent way to improve your listening and spelling skills. Have a friend read a few paragraphs from a book or a newspaper. Write down what you think you hear. Compare what you have written with the actual text.
• Learn about the cultures of English-speaking countries.
• Find a native individual who not only speaks English, but can teach it. Learn grammar and vocabulary using visual, auditory and spoken methods. Spiral the cycle and keep it interesting.
• Learn all the verb tenses and moods in English. A quick internet search will take you right to them. It is also important to learn correct subject-verb agreement. If you conjugate verbs improperly, it will sound sloppy, as native speakers hardly do so. If you conjugate them correctly, on the other hand, you will impress native speakers of English.
• If you have your sights set on the US, look for literacy programs in your area -- they are often free, learn a trade and do your best to acquire English-speaking friends. Americans like people with an "I can do it!" attitude. In Britain, a useful skill and some modesty are more the key.
• Take an ESL (English as a Second Language) class at your local community college.